There is an intimate association between mineral and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the extensive burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. High phosphate levels in CKD have been associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Observational studies have also shown a consistent relationship between serum phosphate in the normal range and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and decline in renal function. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), a phosphaturic hormone, increases very early in the course of CKD and is strongly associated with death and CVD, including LVH and vascular calcification. Few studies have addressed outcomes using interventions to reduce serum phosphate in a randomized controlled fashion; however, strategies to address cardiovascular risk in early CKD are imperative and phosphate is a potential therapeutic target. This review outlines the epidemiological and experimental evidence highlighting the relationship between excess phosphate and adverse outcomes, and discusses clinical studies required to address this problem.
AD - The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria Western Health, Footscray, Victoria Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, New South Wales Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. AN - 22574672 BT - Nephrology (Carlton) DP - NLM ET - 2012/05/12 LA - Eng M1 - 5 N1 - Toussaint, Nigel DPedagogos, EugenieTan, Sven-JeanBadve, Sunil VHawley, Carmel MPerkovic, VladoElder, Grahame JNephrology (Carlton). 2012 Jul;17(5):433-444. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01618.x. N2 -There is an intimate association between mineral and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the extensive burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. High phosphate levels in CKD have been associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Observational studies have also shown a consistent relationship between serum phosphate in the normal range and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and decline in renal function. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), a phosphaturic hormone, increases very early in the course of CKD and is strongly associated with death and CVD, including LVH and vascular calcification. Few studies have addressed outcomes using interventions to reduce serum phosphate in a randomized controlled fashion; however, strategies to address cardiovascular risk in early CKD are imperative and phosphate is a potential therapeutic target. This review outlines the epidemiological and experimental evidence highlighting the relationship between excess phosphate and adverse outcomes, and discusses clinical studies required to address this problem.
PY - 2012 SN - 1440-1797 (Electronic)1320-5358 (Linking) SP - 433 EP - 444 T2 - Nephrology (Carlton) TI - Phosphate in early chronic kidney disease: Associations with clinical outcomes and a target to reduce cardiovascular risk VL - 17 ER -